As the key components of batteries and electrification technologies, demand for copper, lithium, nickel, cobalt and other critical minerals is expected to grow exponentially. The supply chains to bring these commodities to market face an array of trade, permitting and social, economic, and political challenges. Can governments and industry overcome these challenges and ensure security of supply of essential energy transition minerals? Is there the capacity to bring on new supplies in a timely way? Could supply deficits risk upending transition goals?