“Digital Transformation” has become the latest must-have fashion accessory for oil & gas companies in recent years as they seek to assure shareholders of their ability to improve efficiency and embrace the vast set of opportunities emerging from massive (and growing) data resources, advances in computing power, sensors, advanced analytics, and AI. Some great strides have been made in reducing structural costs in both conventional upstream and unconventional projects. But in practice, what are the full range of innovations that have had impact? How much further impact can innovation have on reducing project and operating costs? What is the interplay needed between digital technologies, traditional E&P technologies, and changes in operating models and organizational models to realize these further gains?