Advanced biofuels are beginning to make in-roads into the transportation fuels market due to decarbonization policies and technology. Renewable diesel and jet fuel are the leading fuels that rely on low-carbon bio-oils—such as used cooking oil, fats, and tallow—and existing technologies. However, it is unlikely that these fuels and feedstocks alone can meet the targets of existing and emerging policies. Other feedstocks will be needed. What are likely feedstocks for advanced biofuels? What is the status of processing technologies to produce large amounts of biofuels from these feedstocks? What enabling technologies are needed? Can advanced biofuels and feedstocks compete with the life cycle and economics of non-liquid transport fuels?
Agricultural technology and practices continue to evolve, resulting in lower GHG emissions in the field and the biofuels processing plant. Agriculture could be the source of significant GHG reductions with new, emerging technologies and policy-related incentives provided directly to growers. What are the key issues for on-farm GHG emissions? Can yields continue to increase without an increase in emissions? What are the likely new crops—energy crops or advanced conventional crops—to meet biofuels demand? What are the major potential sources and volume of GHG reductions in agriculture? How low can the carbon intensity of conventional crops/biofuels go? What are the barriers that prevent the uptake of technologies and practices and how can they be overcome?