Although the cleantech innovation ecosystem—research institutions, entrepreneurs, financiers, and support institutions—is diverse and productive, converting cleantech discoveries and research breakthroughs into commercially viable, transformative energy systems has proven difficult. With incumbent energy systems economically efficient and deeply entrenched, cleantech innovation faces a fundamental dilemma—the scale economies necessary to compete require a large customer base that doesn’t yet exist. How is our clean energy innovation ecosystem equipped to be transformative? What needs to be strengthened? Is it profitable to focus on individual elements, or should we consider the system holistically, and reframe our expectations?
Over one-third of today’s global GHG emissions come from transportation and manufacturing, and reducing their GHG significantly will likely require abundant, inexpensive low-carbon liquid fuels. With promising technologies, including artificial photosynthesis, algae-based fuels, and conversion of CO2 to fuel, still in R&D, how does their performance and economics compare? What production scale is needed for them to reach that potential? What changes would be needed to existing fuel transport and delivery infrastructures? What are their obstacles to move toward commercialization, and how can they surmount them?
Decarbonization and expansion of the power sector have been cornerstones of addressing climate change. Governments and companies around the globe have responded with rapid deployment of renewable power, most notably wind and solar PV. What are the latest energy storage technologies for managing power grids with increasing renewable power? How fast and how much will energy storage need to be integrated into power systems? What are the challenges and opportunities ahead?