The so called “hard-to-abate” industries including heavy-duty transport, steel, cement, fertilizers and petrochemicals account for over 20% of the world’s greenhouse gas emissions. These industries use coal and natural gas as well as heat as part of their production process. While technology pathways are still emerging, hydrogen and CCS are considered key technologies to reduce emissions in these sectors. Another option is to convert captured carbon into a spectrum of useful products. An underlying challenge is the additional costs incurred to make these products “green” and the lack of markets and customers willing to pay a “green premium.” The panelists in this conversation will explore the following questions: Tell us about a major innovation led by your company to decarbonize these sectors? While there is a lot of enthusiasm for hydrogen as a potential solution, what is the business case for hydrogen today and what is the path to commerciality without subsidies? How can industry promote circularity of materials, extend product lifetimes, substitution and efficiency? Are customers willing to pay a “green premium”; e.g., for “green steel or “low-emission concrete”? Will policies such as “Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism” help or hinder decarbonization of these sectors? What government policies are needed to achieve industrial decarbonization?